* Repetition and Death - The Fun of Roguelike Game Design
	  
	  I love Roguelikes. It's my absolute favorite genre of video
	  games. I'd like to talk a bit about them in this blog post;
	  specifically what I believe makes them so compelling, and what keeps
	  me spending my scarce video game time in this genre.
	  
	** Preamble and Rogue Primer
	
	   There seem to be several competing definitions of what
	   a 'roguelike' is. It's a topic that is frequently
	   debated by lovers of the genre and it's associtated
	   offshoots.
	
	   Skip this section if you're familiar/uninterested in the
	   Roguelike definition argument and are more interested in
	   my thoughts on what makes these games fun/interesting.
	
	   _________________________________________________________
	   
	   I tend to like the following break downs:
	
	   Rogue/like/: A genre characterized by its similarity to the
	   game Rogue (1980). Rogue was originally released for Unix
	   mainframe systems.
	
	   Additionally: See the following HTTP website for
	   the "Berlin Interpretation" of what a roguelike is:
	   -> http://www.roguebasin.com/index.php/Berlin_Interpretation
	
	   The above is widely used as a yard stick to determine if
	   something is a roguelike or not, though not everyone
	   agrees on this definition.
	
	   What /I/ typically think of as a Roguelike
	   is a game with the following characteristics:
	
	   -> ASCII and/or tile based graphics
	   -> Turn based game play
	   -> Permadeath
	   -> Procedural generation of game objects (levels, items, etc)
	
	   Examples of classic Roguelikes (excluding Rogue):
	
	   - Moria
	   - Angbad
	   - Hack/NetHack
	   - Dwarf Fortress (Adventure Mode)
	
	   Some modern games that I think encapsulate the spirit
	   of these classic games, while modernizing their interfaces
	   and ergonomics are games such as:
	
	   - Caves of Qud
	   - Cogmind
	   - Riftwizard
	   - Many others, see "Traditional Roguelike" tag on Steam
	     for more examples
	
	   _________________________________________________________
	   
	   So now that we've covered the definition of a Roguelike,
	   lets look at a slightly different definition that's
	   emergered in the last two decades or so. What many people
	   call a 'Roguelite'.
	
	   Rogue/lite/: A genre that borrows many gameplay and
	   game design elements from classic Roguelikes, but
	   abandons others in service to a different game design or
	   direction. This is a very diverse genre, that mashes Roguelike
	   mechanics with a diverse set of other genres like first person
	   shooters, action RPGs, strategy games, and more.
	
	   Modern examples of what I'd call roguelites:
	
	   - Dead Cells
	   - Hades
	   - Ziggurat
	   - FTL
	   - Risk of Rain / Risk of Rain 2
	   - Slay The Spire
	   - Enter The Gungeon
	   - Many many more, see the "Roguelike" tag on Steam
	
	   Many roguelites typically include what I call a
	   "inverse difficulty curve" mechanic, which I'll touch more on
	   in the next section.
	
	   
	** What Makes Roguelikes/Roguelites So Fun
	
	   Note: Henceforth when I say *RLs* I mean the broader
	   genre of roguelike and roguelites, unless otherwise specified.
	   
	   At a high level, I think the answer to this question (for me)
	   is pretty simple. The best RLs keep one design choice at their
	   center IMHO:
	
	   --> Sufficient mastery of the games systems allows you to trivialize
	   the games difficulty.
	
	   Put another way, once you know the game well enough and have
	   traversed it's skill curve, inventive and exicting synergies
	   should start to emerge that you can capitalize on to absolutely
	   "break" the game. The euphoria of completely dominating a game,
	   by having mastered a set of "hard skills" and "abstract skills"
	   is (for me) unparalleled in comparison to other video game genres.
	
	   --> "Hard skills" can be defined as skill that's related to direct
	   player input and control mastery. This is for stuff like
	   dodging attacks, managing inventory, memorizing enemy moves,
	   etc. Typically these are less prevalent in "classic" roguelikes
	
	   --> "Soft skills" can be defined as mastery over the games
	   systems. Things like core mechanic functionality, understanding
	   how gameplay elements/effects synergize and reinforce emergent
	   properties.
	     ---> Eg. Your character has spell that sets themselves
	          on fire, but you have a fire resistance amulet and the floor
	          is covered in flammable oil
	
	   We'll come back to this idea, but lets take a step back for a moment.
	
	   _________________________________________________________
	
	   Most RLs typically contain the following ingrediants at the core of
	   their design:
	
	   --> A repetative core gameplay loop, structured upon a base set of
	       design choices
	       
	   --> Some kind of core hook(s), designed to keep you engaged with
	       the repetative game loop
	
	   This classification might on it's face seem to exclude a favorite
	   RL of yours, but allow me to explain with some examples.
	
	   The (roguelite) game Hades has a tight core gameplay loop. You
	   have movement, a dash, and 3 different attacks. Enemies spawn,
	   and you fight them. Layered on top, you have a number of different
	   systems that start to ramp up the depth of the games systems.
	
	   As you progress through the game, these systems start to get
	   more complex and offer more choices. These systems (in Hades'
	   case, the excellent story as well), define the "hooks" that
	   take what is at it's core a relatively simple game, and turn
	   it into something remarkable.
	
	   To look at a more "classic" roguelike like Caves of Qud,
	   the core hook is the vast set of emergent gameplay possibilties
	   offered by the games core systems. Because the ingame world
	   is vast and uses meticulously curated procedural generation,
	   the oppertunities for making exciting game play choices are
	   extremely vast, which creates a desire to continue playing
	   and experimenting.
	
	   As you spend more time in the game, you start to
	   understand how your interactions with these gameplay systems
	   inform other system interactions you'll have later on. After a
	   sufficient amount of time engaging with these systems, you start
	   to see clear (or sometimes unclear) patterns of how to maximize
	   your effectiveness.
	
	   At it's best, your time spend mastering the "hard skills" and
	   "abstract skills" is rewarded by gameplay events where
	   you make a fool of the games difficulty.
	
	   Because you've developed such a deep understanding of the
	   systems, you can now absolutely crush the game as a satisfying
	   reward for your skill and ingenuity.
	
	   _________________________________________________________
	
	   In RLs I see two kind of distinct patterns for leading
	   the player to this game breaking power fantasy.
	
	   In modern roguelites, I typically see this being
	   introduced as what I called earlier an "inverse
	   difficulty curve".
	
	   Games that implement this system will typically
	   have some kind of character state that is tracked
	   across runs of the core gameplay loop. Advancing
	   this state makes every subsequent run easier,
	   or at least presents more choices.
	
	   An example of this is something like Enter The
	   Gungeon. When you start the game, you have very
	   few items unlocked, and you also don't have a
	   good grasp on the "hard skills", as you just
	   started playing. As you play (and fail), you
	   might unlock a new gun or item every other run.
	
	   Over time, this effect snowballs. As you get
	   better at the "hard skills", so does your
	   understanding of the "abstract skills",
	   and you have more choices (items/spells/powerups)
	   at your disposal.
	
	   This actually has the effect of making the game
	   /easier/ over time, but very cleverly, and
	   without changing the feel of the game that
	   much. Good roguelites pace the challenge
	   of the game to match this easier-over-time
	   feeling.
	
	   The culmination of this is typically "clearing"
	   the dungeon/story/etc of the game for the first
	   time, usually on what I'd call a "broken" run.
	
	   A run of the core game where you've finally
	   internalized the hard skills and systems
	   well enough to complete a run of the game, and
	   managed to do so with a spectacular set of
	   gameplay decisions.
	
	   Capitalizing on this understanding can lead you to keep
	   running the game, ever searching for an even more broken run,
	   where you've capitalized even further on your knowledge of
	   the games systems.
	
	   _________________________________________________________
	
	   In more classic Roguelike's, that don't offer this so called
	   "inverse difficulty curve", typically the carrot on the stick
	   is the implicit desire to clear the game. For example in NetHack,
	   to reach the lowest floor of the dungeon. But more than that,
	   it's the fun of dynamically adapting to the choices the games
	   systems present you.
	
	   RLs typically use procedural generation to create what can sometimes
	   feel like a slot machine. There's this intoxicating brew when starting
	   a run of what kind of luck you'll have, what kind of items you'll discover,
	   what kind of build will emerge based on the choices the game presents you.
	
	   In games like Caves of Qud, I've had runs end minutes into them, due to poor
	   luck, poor gameplay decisions made on my part, etc. I've also had runs where
	   all of my choices happened to make sense and perfect synergies revealed themselves
	   and I absolutely mopped up.
	
	   But these are typically outliers, and not where the real joy lies IMHO.
	
	   The best runs are those that keep you constantly guessing, on the edge
	   of your seat. Forcing you to constantly reevaluate your build, the
	   choices you've made so far. They force you to make difficult compromises
	   between what's fun, interesting, and viable.
	
	   They push your understanding and intuition about the games systems to
	   the absolute limit, and when you overcome these challeneges, it is
	   the absolute pinnacle of what video games can offer as a form of
	   entertainment.
	
	   In my opinion at least.
	
	** Closing Thoughts
	
	   If you made it all the way here, thanks for reading, I
	   know this was a longer one. I surprisingly have quite a
	   bit more to say on this topic, but figured I'd maybe leave
	   it for another time, as I've already coverted a lot here.
	
	   If you already love and play lots of RLs, right on.
	
	   If you're someone who hasn't checked them out yet, I'd
	   encourage you to give them a try, there's nothing quite
	   like them :)
	
	   Thanks for reading