* Repetition and Death - The Fun of Roguelike Game Design
  
  I love Roguelikes. It's my absolute favorite genre of video
  games. I'd like to talk a bit about them in this blog post;
  specifically what I believe makes them so compelling, and what keeps
  me spending my scarce video game time in this genre.
  
** Preamble and Rogue Primer

   There seem to be several competing definitions of what
   a 'roguelike' is. It's a topic that is frequently
   debated by lovers of the genre and it's associtated
   offshoots.

   Skip this section if you're familiar/uninterested in the
   Roguelike definition argument and are more interested in
   my thoughts on what makes these games fun/interesting.

   _________________________________________________________
   
   I tend to like the following break downs:

   Rogue/like/: A genre characterized by its similarity to the
   game Rogue (1980). Rogue was originally released for Unix
   mainframe systems.

   Additionally: See the following HTTP website for
   the "Berlin Interpretation" of what a roguelike is:
   -> http://www.roguebasin.com/index.php/Berlin_Interpretation

   The above is widely used as a yard stick to determine if
   something is a roguelike or not, though not everyone
   agrees on this definition.

   What /I/ typically think of as a Roguelike
   is a game with the following characteristics:

   -> ASCII and/or tile based graphics
   -> Turn based game play
   -> Permadeath
   -> Procedural generation of game objects (levels, items, etc)

   Examples of classic Roguelikes (excluding Rogue):

   - Moria
   - Angbad
   - Hack/NetHack
   - Dwarf Fortress (Adventure Mode)

   Some modern games that I think encapsulate the spirit
   of these classic games, while modernizing their interfaces
   and ergonomics are games such as:

   - Caves of Qud
   - Cogmind
   - Riftwizard
   - Many others, see "Traditional Roguelike" tag on Steam
     for more examples

   _________________________________________________________
   
   So now that we've covered the definition of a Roguelike,
   lets look at a slightly different definition that's
   emergered in the last two decades or so. What many people
   call a 'Roguelite'.

   Rogue/lite/: A genre that borrows many gameplay and
   game design elements from classic Roguelikes, but
   abandons others in service to a different game design or
   direction. This is a very diverse genre, that mashes Roguelike
   mechanics with a diverse set of other genres like first person
   shooters, action RPGs, strategy games, and more.

   Modern examples of what I'd call roguelites:

   - Dead Cells
   - Hades
   - Ziggurat
   - FTL
   - Risk of Rain / Risk of Rain 2
   - Slay The Spire
   - Enter The Gungeon
   - Many many more, see the "Roguelike" tag on Steam

   Many roguelites typically include what I call a
   "inverse difficulty curve" mechanic, which I'll touch more on
   in the next section.

   
** What Makes Roguelikes/Roguelites So Fun

   Note: Henceforth when I say *RLs* I mean the broader
   genre of roguelike and roguelites, unless otherwise specified.
   
   At a high level, I think the answer to this question (for me)
   is pretty simple. The best RLs keep one design choice at their
   center IMHO:

   --> Sufficient mastery of the games systems allows you to trivialize
   the games difficulty.

   Put another way, once you know the game well enough and have
   traversed it's skill curve, inventive and exicting synergies
   should start to emerge that you can capitalize on to absolutely
   "break" the game. The euphoria of completely dominating a game,
   by having mastered a set of "hard skills" and "abstract skills"
   is (for me) unparalleled in comparison to other video game genres.

   --> "Hard skills" can be defined as skill that's related to direct
   player input and control mastery. This is for stuff like
   dodging attacks, managing inventory, memorizing enemy moves,
   etc. Typically these are less prevalent in "classic" roguelikes

   --> "Soft skills" can be defined as mastery over the games
   systems. Things like core mechanic functionality, understanding
   how gameplay elements/effects synergize and reinforce emergent
   properties.
     ---> Eg. Your character has spell that sets themselves
          on fire, but you have a fire resistance amulet and the floor
          is covered in flammable oil

   We'll come back to this idea, but lets take a step back for a moment.

   _________________________________________________________

   Most RLs typically contain the following ingrediants at the core of
   their design:

   --> A repetative core gameplay loop, structured upon a base set of
       design choices
       
   --> Some kind of core hook(s), designed to keep you engaged with
       the repetative game loop

   This classification might on it's face seem to exclude a favorite
   RL of yours, but allow me to explain with some examples.

   The (roguelite) game Hades has a tight core gameplay loop. You
   have movement, a dash, and 3 different attacks. Enemies spawn,
   and you fight them. Layered on top, you have a number of different
   systems that start to ramp up the depth of the games systems.

   As you progress through the game, these systems start to get
   more complex and offer more choices. These systems (in Hades'
   case, the excellent story as well), define the "hooks" that
   take what is at it's core a relatively simple game, and turn
   it into something remarkable.

   To look at a more "classic" roguelike like Caves of Qud,
   the core hook is the vast set of emergent gameplay possibilties
   offered by the games core systems. Because the ingame world
   is vast and uses meticulously curated procedural generation,
   the oppertunities for making exciting game play choices are
   extremely vast, which creates a desire to continue playing
   and experimenting.

   As you spend more time in the game, you start to
   understand how your interactions with these gameplay systems
   inform other system interactions you'll have later on. After a
   sufficient amount of time engaging with these systems, you start
   to see clear (or sometimes unclear) patterns of how to maximize
   your effectiveness.

   At it's best, your time spend mastering the "hard skills" and
   "abstract skills" is rewarded by gameplay events where
   you make a fool of the games difficulty.

   Because you've developed such a deep understanding of the
   systems, you can now absolutely crush the game as a satisfying
   reward for your skill and ingenuity.

   _________________________________________________________

   In RLs I see two kind of distinct patterns for leading
   the player to this game breaking power fantasy.

   In modern roguelites, I typically see this being
   introduced as what I called earlier an "inverse
   difficulty curve".

   Games that implement this system will typically
   have some kind of character state that is tracked
   across runs of the core gameplay loop. Advancing
   this state makes every subsequent run easier,
   or at least presents more choices.

   An example of this is something like Enter The
   Gungeon. When you start the game, you have very
   few items unlocked, and you also don't have a
   good grasp on the "hard skills", as you just
   started playing. As you play (and fail), you
   might unlock a new gun or item every other run.

   Over time, this effect snowballs. As you get
   better at the "hard skills", so does your
   understanding of the "abstract skills",
   and you have more choices (items/spells/powerups)
   at your disposal.

   This actually has the effect of making the game
   /easier/ over time, but very cleverly, and
   without changing the feel of the game that
   much. Good roguelites pace the challenge
   of the game to match this easier-over-time
   feeling.

   The culmination of this is typically "clearing"
   the dungeon/story/etc of the game for the first
   time, usually on what I'd call a "broken" run.

   A run of the core game where you've finally
   internalized the hard skills and systems
   well enough to complete a run of the game, and
   managed to do so with a spectacular set of
   gameplay decisions.

   Capitalizing on this understanding can lead you to keep
   running the game, ever searching for an even more broken run,
   where you've capitalized even further on your knowledge of
   the games systems.

   _________________________________________________________

   In more classic Roguelike's, that don't offer this so called
   "inverse difficulty curve", typically the carrot on the stick
   is the implicit desire to clear the game. For example in NetHack,
   to reach the lowest floor of the dungeon. But more than that,
   it's the fun of dynamically adapting to the choices the games
   systems present you.

   RLs typically use procedural generation to create what can sometimes
   feel like a slot machine. There's this intoxicating brew when starting
   a run of what kind of luck you'll have, what kind of items you'll discover,
   what kind of build will emerge based on the choices the game presents you.

   In games like Caves of Qud, I've had runs end minutes into them, due to poor
   luck, poor gameplay decisions made on my part, etc. I've also had runs where
   all of my choices happened to make sense and perfect synergies revealed themselves
   and I absolutely mopped up.

   But these are typically outliers, and not where the real joy lies IMHO.

   The best runs are those that keep you constantly guessing, on the edge
   of your seat. Forcing you to constantly reevaluate your build, the
   choices you've made so far. They force you to make difficult compromises
   between what's fun, interesting, and viable.

   They push your understanding and intuition about the games systems to
   the absolute limit, and when you overcome these challeneges, it is
   the absolute pinnacle of what video games can offer as a form of
   entertainment.

   In my opinion at least.

** Closing Thoughts

   If you made it all the way here, thanks for reading, I
   know this was a longer one. I surprisingly have quite a
   bit more to say on this topic, but figured I'd maybe leave
   it for another time, as I've already coverted a lot here.

   If you already love and play lots of RLs, right on.

   If you're someone who hasn't checked them out yet, I'd
   encourage you to give them a try, there's nothing quite
   like them :)

   Thanks for reading